Do you have any questions for me?

"Yes, I do have two questions. How many Personal Care Aides are you looking to hire, and when can I expect to hear back from you?"

The interviewer will typically ask this question at the end of the interview. You always want to answer in the affirmative and ask a question or two. It shows the interviewer that you are interested in the organization and want to learn all about them. Make sure your question is not something that was answered in the job announcement or on the company's website.

What would you do if you were working and your relief did not show up to relieve you at the end of your shift?

"If I was working a shift and my relief did not show up, I would follow the company's policy for when this happens. If the policy specified that a supervisor was to be called, I would call my supervisor. If it specified I should call my relief first, I would call my relief. What I would not do is leave my client's house until a replacement arrived."

There may be times where your relief does not show up to relieve you at the end of your shift. Hopefully, they would have called the agency and called off work so a replacement could be reached. But, there are times when no call is made. The best answer is that you would follow the company's policy when this situation happens, but you would not leave your client until another Personal Care Aide arrives.

Describe an improvement you personally initiated.

"I think the most noticeable improvement I initiated was with a client who was depressed and never wanted to leave her room. I found out from a family member that my client loved gardening and prided herself on her rose garden. After her husband passed away, she became depressed and gave up everything she loved. I decided one day to buy her five rose bushes. I brought them into her room and asked if she would help me plant them in the garden since I had never gardened before. Her eyes lit up when she saw the roses. She got out of bed, put on some clothes, and instructed me on what to do. Every day after that, she was in the garden when I arrived at her house, and she asked me to bring more flowers. I think that was the initiative she needed to get out of her funk."

Personal Care Aides improve their clients' lives daily. From helping with activities of daily living, preparing meals, performing light housekeeping, medication reminders, and providing social interaction, there are many improvements you can personally initiate. Give an example of how you created an improvement in a client's life.

What was your most difficult decision in the last 6 months? What made it difficult?

"The most difficult decision I had to make in the last six months was recommending that one of my clients be placed in a memory care facility. I worked with this particular client for three years, and she reminded me of my grandma. She was a lovely lady, and we had become close. But, her dementia was becoming worse, and she was in danger of harming herself and others. I could not handle her on my own, and I was afraid for her. I had to decide to contact her family and express my concerns. They agreed with me and asked if I would contact her doctor with my recommendation. The doctor agreed and worked on placing her in a facility. Her son came to pick her up on my last day working with her, and the way she looked at me as if I betrayed her was something I will never forget."

The interviewer wants to hear how you handle tough decisions, which gives an insight into how you problem solve and use your decision-making skills. There will be challenges in any profession, and the interviewer wants to see how you process and solve dilemmas in the workplace. Give an example of a recent, tough professional decision you had to make and why it was difficult.

What impact did you have in your last job?

"I feel I had the most impact in my last job with a client who has autism. She was five years old and had never spoken, and her family could not receive any results with years of therapy. I was hired to assist the client at her home while the parents worked, taking her to therapy sessions and helping with cooking and cleaning. I had read an article about a program that helps non-verbal autistic patients speak. After consulting with the family, I introduced my client to the program on her tablet. Within two months, she started saying a few words, and within four months, she was saying complete sentences. She made an amazing transformation in a short amount of time!"

The interviewer wants to hear what you feel is essential to working with clients and positively impacting their lives. There are many ways you can be impactful. You can make a client's life better by cleaning and organizing their home, cooking healthy meals, taking them to doctor's appointments, and reminding them to take their medications. You can impact them by giving them dignity and compassion. The list goes on. Choose a client with who you felt you had the most impact and describe the situation.

Where do you see yourself in 5 years?

"In the next five years, I see myself completing a nursing program and working as a registered nurse for your organization. I like that your company has room for growth and advancement, and there are many more opportunities with a nursing degree. I am narrowing down my search for a nursing program and expect to be starting in the fall."

The interviewer is looking to see what your professional goals are in the next five years. They want to know if you are ambitious and have set realistic goals for yourself. They are also looking to see how long you plan on working for their organization. It is expensive to hire new employees, and they want to make sure you plan on staying with their company. If there is room for advancement within the organization, they want to see what you have set your sights on.

Our agency often needs a Personal Care Aide to work a 24-hour shift, spending the night at a client's home. When that is needed, there is a private room that is offered for you to sleep in. Would you be willing to work a 24-hour shift if needed?

"I do not have an issue working 24-hour shifts when needed. I worked the same shifts for a previous client and found I like working longer shifts."

The interviewer is looking to see if you are flexible and can work 24-hour shifts if needed. They want to know if you have other obligations that would preclude you from working those shifts. If you have child care issues or something else that would interfere with working long shifts, explain what those issues are and that you need notice before accepting a 24-hour shift. The agency should have posted those requirements in the job announcement, so you should be aware of that before the interview.

What do you know about our organization?

"I know that you have been in business for 25 years, and the organization was started by a registered nurse who is the CEO of the company. You place 500 Personal Care Aides in homes whose families require assistance, and you have a 5-star rating on Yelp, with all positive reviews. Your organization's philosophy is that in addition to providing the highest level of care to your clients, you offer personalized services that make clients feel that their own family is caring for them."

Before any job interview, you want to do your research about the organization. Read their website, learn about their mission statement and values, read online reviews, visit the organization and talk to others about why they like working there. The more you know, the better. It shows the interviewer you have done your research and are eager to learn what you can.

If hired, when can you start?

"Since I am not currently working, I am available to start immediately. I do not have any scheduling conflicts that will keep me from starting as soon as needed. When are you looking to have someone start?"

If you are currently working at another job, it is customary to give your employer two weeks' notice. It shows the interviewer that you are respectful and dependable. If you do not have a job, you should answer that you can start immediately, which shows the interviewer that you are eager to begin working for their organization. You can also ask the interviewer when they are looking to have someone start.

What is your greatest strength?

"I think my greatest strength is my work ethic. I was taught at a young age that to achieve what you want in life, you have to work hard. I am a determined individual and feel that hard work, honesty, and reliability are crucial to maintaining a strong character."

This is a common interview question. The interviewer wants to hear what you consider your greatest strength as it relates to the position. Describe why this is your greatest strength and how it benefits the company if hired. Some examples include work ethic, compassion, honesty, patience, and problem-solving and organizational skills.

If hired, do you have reliable transportation?

"Yes, I have reliable transportation. I have a five-year-old Honda Accord, and I keep it in top running condition. In the five years I have owned it, I have never had a mechanical problem."

The interviewer cannot ask you if you have a car, but they can ask if you have reliable transportation if it is a job requirement. Answer however it fits your situation, whether you have a car, take a bus, or get a ride with a friend or relative. The interviewer wants to ensure that you are dependable and will be on time at the client's home if you are hired for the position.

Our agency requires a criminal background check and fingerprinting before being hired. Are you opposed to either of those?

"I understand those are parts of the requirements, and I am not opposed to either. I have no criminal background, and I was required to do the same for my last job."

Most agencies require fingerprinting and criminal background checks before hiring Personal Care Aides. That should have been posted in the job requirements and should not be an issue for you. If you are opposed to either of those, you will not be considered for the position. If you have nothing to hide, you should not be opposed to their request.

What do you like and dislike about home care?

"There are more things I like about home care than dislike. I like that I can help others stay in their homes and remain independent except for needing a Personal Care Aide to help with certain tasks. The main thing I dislike is when a client is in pain. I try to make them as comfortable as possible, but it still makes me sad to see someone suffering. But, it makes me feel better that I can help however I can."

There are some components to working as a Personal Care Aide that you may like more than others. The interviewer wants to see what you like and dislike about your job. When you answer what you don't like, make sure you turn it around into a positive experience. The interviewer wants to see if you are a good fit for the position and won't be unhappy in your job if hired.

What have you done in the past year to become a better Personal Care Aide?

"I have been working with a pediatric oncology patient for the past six months. She is the first pediatric patient I have had with cancer. I did not know much about her treatment and the adverse effects the treatment has on its patients. I wanted to be able to serve her better by understanding how she might be feeling. I have been doing research on her disease and what her treatment entails and have discovered new ways to make her feel more comfortable after her chemotherapy sessions."

The interviewer wants to hear that you take your job seriously and strive to be a better Personal Care Aide. If you consider professional growth a priority, it shows you are motivated to provide the best possible service to your clients. It may be that you are taking courses to further your education, watching videos on different ways you can help your clients, or reading books to understand more about a client's illness or disability. Describe any steps you have taken in the past year to become a better Personal Care Aide.

How do you like to get feedback and suggestions?

"I welcome receiving all types of feedback and suggestions for improvement. I prefer my supervisor to be open and honest with me. If I am not told about the feedback I am receiving from my clients, I am unaware, and I cannot improve if there is an area that I need to work on. If I am receiving positive feedback, I like to be informed of that, too. That way, I know what is working, and I will continue doing what I am doing."

Everyone has different ways they like to be managed and receive feedback and suggestions. The interviewer wants to hear the best way to deliver constructive feedback to you and that you are accepting to receiving suggestions. It is best to be open to receiving ways to improve and welcome feedback, whether positive or negative.

How would you define excellent patient care?

"I define excellent patient care as listening to what each patient's expectations and needs are and tailoring my care to their specific needs. I treat all patients with kindness and compassion and give them the respect and dignity that they deserve. I want all of my patients to be happy with the service I provide."

Different organizations call their clientele by different names. You may call them clients, customers, or patients. It does not matter what term you use; you still want to offer each person excellent care. Delivering exceptional care can include actively listening to your patients, being compassionate and empathetic, treating them with kindness and dignity, and going above and beyond your scope of practice. Describe how you define excellent patient care.

How do you handle stressful situations?

"I handle stressful situations by remaining calm and focused on the task at hand. I have found that it does nobody any good if I cannot control the situation. For example, I was working with a client who accidentally started a fire in the kitchen while in the restroom. When I came out of the restroom, the kitchen curtains were on fire, and my client was trying to put the fire out by waving a cookie sheet at the curtains, but it was making the fire worse. I grabbed my client and safely got her outside, then I retrieved a fire extinguisher from under the sink and was able to get the fire out. If I hadn't remained calm and focused, the fire could have been much worse."

Working as a Personal Care Aide can be stressful at times. The interviewer wants to hear how you stay calm when handling stressful situations and that you will be an ideal candidate for their organization. Give an example of a stressful situation you have encountered at work and how you overcame the problem.

Are you a compassionate person?

"Yes, I am a very compassionate person. In my previous job, I was constantly told by my supervisor that they received many calls a month from clients and family members who said I was the most compassionate caregiver they had ever worked with."

Compassion is an essential trait to have when working as a Personal Care Aide. You will be working with clients from various socio-economical backgrounds and with varying illnesses, diseases, and injuries. The ideal candidate must be able to empathize with their clients and be compassionate. The interviewer wants to know that if hired, you will have the qualities they are looking for.

Why are you the best candidate for us?

"I am the best candidate for you because I have the qualities you are looking for. I am dependable, compassionate, trustworthy, and genuinely treat every client as if they were my own family. Many clients tell me that they consider me their daughter or granddaughter, and they feel more comfortable when I am around. In the five years, I have been working as a Personal Care Aide, I have never had one complaint against me and have received exemplary performance reports."

There may be many qualified applicants for the position. The interviewer wants to hear why you are the best choice to hire. Reread the job announcement and use keywords the organization has used when looking for their ideal candidate. Use some of those keywords in your response to show the interviewer you have the qualities they are looking for. Be sure to highlight your knowledge and experience in this field.

What personal characteristics do you think add to your overall effectiveness?

"I think the characteristics that make me effective at my job are my compassion for the clients I work with, my listening skills and attentiveness, and my organizational skills. All of my clients want someone to listen to what they have to say, be caring and compassionate, and help organize their life."

Personal Care Aides must have many characteristics to be effective with their clients as they are working closely with them to improve their quality of life. Personal Care Aides should be compassionate, organized, have excellent interpersonal, housekeeping, and cooking skills. Highlight the characteristics you have that make you effective at your job and give examples.

Are you a patient person?

"Yes, I am an extremely patient person. I understand that my clients have difficulties, and they need my help. I grew up taking care of my younger brother, who has autism, and developed patience working with him. Everything my brother does takes twice as long as someone else, so I learned at a young age to let people do things at their own pace. It has made me a patient person."

In the medical profession, it is essential to have patience. As a Personal Care Aide, you will be spending a lot of time with your clients, catering to their needs. If you are not a patient person, this job will not be a good fit. The interviewer wants to hear that you are a patient person and will be a good fit for their organization.

What was your most rewarding experience in personal care?

"I do not have any previous experience in personal care, but I feel what will be the most rewarding part of this career is helping others in the comfort of their homes. Studies have shown that people are much more comfortable and have better recovery rates when they are in their homes versus a hospital or another facility."

The interviewer wants to hear what you consider rewarding and your role in making that experience happen. It might be that you helped someone create a feeling of independence and autonomy, you experienced a child recover from cancer, or you helped a family whose loved one was in hospice. Describe your most rewarding experience taking care of others. If you do not have prior personal care experience, let the interviewer know and explain what you feel will be rewarding about this career.

Why did you enter this career?

"I chose to pursue a career as a Personal Care Aide because I enjoy helping others with their activities of daily living. I took care of my grandmother for two years when she became ill, and I found that I enjoyed helping her. After she passed, I decided to make this a career so I could continue helping others."

The interviewer wants to hear what motivated you to pursue a career as a Personal Care Aide. You may have had experience with an aide taking care of a relative, have a friend or family member in the field, or you are using this job as a stepping stone before pursuing a different medical career. Explain why you chose to become a Personal Care Aide.

Are there any type of personal hygiene tasks that you would feel uncomfortable performing for our clients?

"I feel comfortable performing all personal hygiene tasks except cutting client's toenails. I do not feel I have the expertise to do that safely and would prefer to take my client to a professional nail salon."

There are many personal hygiene tasks that Personal Care Aides will be required to do. Working in this field, these tasks should not bother you. However, there may be something that you do not feel comfortable with that is out of your scope of practice. If there is a task you feel uncomfortable with, describe that to the interviewer. But, if it is a task that will commonly be required, it may not look favorable for you as a candidate. If there is nothing that you would feel uncomfortable with, explain that to the interviewer.

Will you you able to extend patience to stubborn clients?

"I extend patience to all of my clients. I understand what they may be going through and genuinely feel compassion for those that I am helping. I realize it may be difficult not to take care of daily living activities, and I would be stubborn, too! I never take anything personally and extend my help wherever it is needed."

Many Personal Care Aides will experience stubborn or difficult clients. The client may have a mental or neurological disorder, have a health issue, be in chronic pain, or be unhappy. You must remain calm and patient when working with stubborn or difficult clients. If you are not capable of extending patience, this will not be a good profession for you. Describe how you remained patient with a stubborn or difficult client. If you are new to the field, you can use an example of extending patience in another scenario.

What skills do you think are most critical to this job?

"There are many skills that are critical to this job. The skills I find most necessary in this profession are to be organized, honest, dependable, and to be able to actively listen to my clients and communicate clearly."

Working as a Personal Care Aide, you understand many skills are critical to your profession. You must be organized, have excellent communication skills, be reliable and honest, actively listen to your clients, and have problem-solving skills. The interviewer wants to hear that the important skills to you align with their company's values.

Do you have a current CPR certification?

"Yes, I have current CPR and AED certification. I have been certified for four years and just renewed my card two months ago."

Most agencies require their Personal Care Aides to be CPR certified. If you made it to the interview, you most likely have the credentials they are looking for. Describe your CPR certification status and when you are up for renewal. If you do not have a current CPR card, explain to the interviewer when you plan on taking a course or renewing your certification.

Tell me about your education and any certifications, diplomas, or degrees you have.

"I have my high school diploma and a community health worker certification. I also have current CPR, AED, and First Aid certifications. I am researching online nursing programs and would like to receive my bachelor's degree in the next four years."

To become a Personal Care Aide, most agencies require a high school diploma or GED and a current CPR certification. Reread the job announcement to see what type of education and certification is required for the position. If you have made it to the interview, you most likely meet the requirements. Explain what diplomas, degrees, or certificates you have received and any future courses you are interested in taking.

Having a current CPR card is required to work for our agency. What would you do if you showed up to work and realized your CPR card had expired a month before?

"If I realized I had let my CPR certification lapse, I would be very embarrassed at my oversight. I would immediately call my supervisor and explain the situation and ask for guidance. I would then look online to see the quickest way to renew my card. Many companies have online CPR certification, so I would take care of that immediately."

CPR certifications typically last for two years, depending on what agency certified you. It is easy to overlook when certifications expire, even though that is your responsibility to stay current. The interviewer wants to see that you are honest and own up to your mistakes or oversight. Since having a current CPR card is part of the job requirement, the interviewer wants to hear that you would be concerned with the card's expiration and that you would contact your supervisor immediately and ask for guidance. Then, they want to hear that you would take the steps needed to renew your certification promptly.

When have you had a really bad experience as a Personal Care Aide?

"I had a horrible experience with a client who had the beginning stages of dementia. He touched me inappropriately while I was attending to his activities of daily living and made rude suggestive remarks. I asked him to stop touching me, and I told him I did not like the way he was talking to me. His son came to the house shortly after that, and I described what happened. The son apologized and said he would call the agency and request a male aide, so I didn't have to be subjected to that. I was replaced with another aide and did not have anything like that happen again."

Many things could cause you to have a bad experience as a Personal Care Aide. You could have a mean client, a family member or a client who makes inappropriate comments, a client who dies, or many other possibilities. Explain a time when you had a bad experience and how it turned out.

Have you ever been yelled at or accused of wrongdoing by a client or family member before? What was the situation?

"I have been yelled at by a client before. When I arrived at her house, she started yelling at me that I was two hours late and she missed her doctor's appointment because of me. She called me inconsiderate for not letting her know I was running late and threatened to report me to my supervisor. I was not late and was 15 minutes early. I showed her my watch, and she thought I had changed it since her clock said it was a different time. I showed her my phone, and then she looked confused. She then showed me her clock on her wall, which had stopped working, but she was unaware. I changed the batteries in the clock, and she apologized for yelling at me. Everything was fine after that!"

Personal Care Aides can be accused of wrongdoing or yelled at by their clients at times. Some clients may have mental or cognitive issues that make them misbehave, or a family member might suspect that their loved one is being taken advantage of. The interviewer wants to hear how you handle conflict and disputes while remaining calm and professional. If you have not encountered this with a client before, tell the interviewer that this has never happened to you but explain how you would handle the situation.

When have you provided personal care for an elderly person or an individual in need before?

"I have provided care for my elderly neighbor for the past two years. Her health started declining, and she has been unable to do her regular everyday activities. I do her grocery shopping, clean her house, take her to doctor's appointments, pick up her medications, take her to hair appointments, and provide social interactions. She is the reason I chose to become a Personal Care Aide."

Hopefully, you have had experience providing care for an individual in need before. If so, describe your experience helping others. If you have never provided care for someone in need, you can explain how you do not have that experience, but you have helped look after young children or siblings.

What do you know about DNR orders?

"DNR stands for do not resuscitate. DNR orders are an advanced medical directive that my patient and their doctor sign, stating the patient does not want to be resuscitated if they go into cardiac arrest. The patient should have a copy of the DNR, and I need to know where that document is. I also need to review the document to see what the patient's wishes are. Some patients do not want any resuscitative efforts, while others wish to have palliative care."

DNR orders are when a patient does not want to be resuscitated if they go into cardiac arrest. The orders are an advanced medical directive that the patient and their physician sign, stating that resuscitation efforts should not be performed. If a patient has a DNR, the Personal Care Aide should be made aware of the orders and have a copy on hand. The interviewer wants to hear that you are familiar with this advanced medical directive and understand what to do with it if a patient goes into cardiac arrest.

Is it acceptable to call off work as a Personal Care Aide when an individual is depending on you?

"I only think it is acceptable to call off work in certain situations. If I were sick and worried that I would pass my illness to my client, I would call off work to protect my client. I would call my supervisor as soon as I knew I was sick, so they could try to find someone to cover me. I would also offer to help call in a replacement. I take care of myself and use proper hygiene, so I am very rarely sick. In the past three years working as a Personal Care Aide, I have only had to call off work once."

There will be times when you may need to call off work, even though your client depends on you. These times should be few and far between and only when extremely necessary. If you are sick and at risk of infecting your client, if you are injured and cannot perform your duties, or if you have a family emergency would be acceptable answers. If you do need to call off work, the interviewer wants to hear when you think that is acceptable and how you would handle the situation.

Give me an example that shows your trustworthiness.

"I worked as a nanny for a family for ten years. They trusted me with their four children since they were babies, their home, and their pets. The parents traveled for work quite frequently, so there were times I had the kids for an entire week. I think that is an excellent example that I am trustworthy."

Since you will be working in clients' homes, the interviewer wants to know that you are honest and can be trusted. The organization is responsible for placing Personal Care Aides that are dependable and trustworthy. A trustworthy person is responsible, reliable, and resourceful but maintains consistency with what they say and do. Give an example of how you are a trustworthy Personal Care Aide.

Personal Care Aide Interview Questions

Go Back

1. Do you have any questions for me?
2. What would you do if you were working and your relief did not show up to relieve you at the end of your shift?
3. Describe an improvement you personally initiated.
4. What was your most difficult decision in the last 6 months? What made it difficult?
5. What impact did you have in your last job?
6. Where do you see yourself in 5 years?
7. Our agency often needs a Personal Care Aide to work a 24-hour shift, spending the night at a client's home. When that is needed, there is a private room that is offered for you to sleep in. Would you be willing to work a 24-hour shift if needed?
8. What do you know about our organization?
9. If hired, when can you start?
10. What is your greatest strength?
11. If hired, do you have reliable transportation?
12. Our agency requires a criminal background check and fingerprinting before being hired. Are you opposed to either of those?
13. What do you like and dislike about home care?
14. What have you done in the past year to become a better Personal Care Aide?
15. How do you like to get feedback and suggestions?
16. How would you define excellent patient care?
17. How do you handle stressful situations?
18. Are you a compassionate person?
19. Why are you the best candidate for us?
20. What personal characteristics do you think add to your overall effectiveness?
21. Are you a patient person?
22. What was your most rewarding experience in personal care?
23. Why did you enter this career?
24. Are there any type of personal hygiene tasks that you would feel uncomfortable performing for our clients?
25. Will you you able to extend patience to stubborn clients?
26. What skills do you think are most critical to this job?
27. Do you have a current CPR certification?
28. Tell me about your education and any certifications, diplomas, or degrees you have.
29. Having a current CPR card is required to work for our agency. What would you do if you showed up to work and realized your CPR card had expired a month before?
30. When have you had a really bad experience as a Personal Care Aide?
31. Have you ever been yelled at or accused of wrongdoing by a client or family member before? What was the situation?
32. When have you provided personal care for an elderly person or an individual in need before?
33. What do you know about DNR orders?
34. Is it acceptable to call off work as a Personal Care Aide when an individual is depending on you?
35. Give me an example that shows your trustworthiness.

Personal Care Aide Interview Questions

1. Do you have any questions for me?

2. What would you do if you were working and your relief did not show up to relieve you at the end of your shift?

3. Describe an improvement you personally initiated.

4. What was your most difficult decision in the last 6 months? What made it difficult?

5. What impact did you have in your last job?

6. Where do you see yourself in 5 years?

7. Our agency often needs a Personal Care Aide to work a 24-hour shift, spending the night at a client's home. When that is needed, there is a private room that is offered for you to sleep in. Would you be willing to work a 24-hour shift if needed?

8. What do you know about our organization?

9. If hired, when can you start?

10. What is your greatest strength?

11. If hired, do you have reliable transportation?

12. Our agency requires a criminal background check and fingerprinting before being hired. Are you opposed to either of those?

13. What do you like and dislike about home care?

14. What have you done in the past year to become a better Personal Care Aide?

15. How do you like to get feedback and suggestions?

16. How would you define excellent patient care?

17. How do you handle stressful situations?

18. Are you a compassionate person?

19. Why are you the best candidate for us?

20. What personal characteristics do you think add to your overall effectiveness?

21. Are you a patient person?

22. What was your most rewarding experience in personal care?

23. Why did you enter this career?

24. Are there any type of personal hygiene tasks that you would feel uncomfortable performing for our clients?

25. Will you you able to extend patience to stubborn clients?

26. What skills do you think are most critical to this job?

27. Do you have a current CPR certification?

28. Tell me about your education and any certifications, diplomas, or degrees you have.

29. Having a current CPR card is required to work for our agency. What would you do if you showed up to work and realized your CPR card had expired a month before?

30. When have you had a really bad experience as a Personal Care Aide?

31. Have you ever been yelled at or accused of wrongdoing by a client or family member before? What was the situation?

32. When have you provided personal care for an elderly person or an individual in need before?

33. What do you know about DNR orders?

34. Is it acceptable to call off work as a Personal Care Aide when an individual is depending on you?

35. Give me an example that shows your trustworthiness.